Detailed characteristics of human papillomavirus virus

At the beginning of the last century, the human papilloma virus was mentioned as the cause of warts.But later it turned out that it could provoke the development of genital cancer in representatives of both gender and throat carcinomas and rectum.Depending on the scope of clinical manifestations, doctors were able to distinguish different types of HPV and combine them into a particular system.

Everything you need to know about the human papillomavirus

Increasingly, the number of people are wondering: HPV infection - what is it?This abbreviation denotes a group of viruses that are common and diverse in structure, capable of affecting the skin and mucous membranes.The infection of this substance occurs from a long period.So the warts are known by the Greeks and the Romans and the warts of the anogenital region even earlier.PCR was even able to distinguish the HPV -type HPV DNA from Mary Aragon's mom (sixteenth century).And it was not until the beginning of the 21st century that the opportunity to affect the spread of a pathogenic agent.

Principles of Classification

There are several opinions on the number of HPV species.The group has officially been found to include more than 170 strains.They make up 5 genera, and about 130 agents are described in detail and studied.But scientists already know almost 600 species found in humans.

For the first time, HPV, as a kind was registered in 1971. To date, the knowledge of it is enriched a lot, which serves as a boost to create a classification, reflecting not only the species but also the genus to which the strain belongs.In practice, this is of great importance as it helps to determine the clinical manifestations and form of the course of the infection.

Viruses are identified according to the following criteria:

• transmission method;
• targets (skin or mucous membranes);
• diseases that develop due to infection;
• degree of oncogenicity.

Classification by the degree of carcinogenicity is necessary to prevent the effects associated with the development of cancer.

Types HPV:

• Low risk flows 6, 12, 14, 42-44;
• Average risk - types 31, 35, 51;
• High risk - 16, 18, 45, 56, 58, 59.

This classification allows you to clearly assess the degree of risk and to develop an adequate treatment strategy.

The most dangerous strains

HPV has been shown to provoke the growth of the dermis and lead to the formation of benign face, neck, back, stomach, each of which looks like a wart, papilloma, car dysplasia.But the high -level pathogen in the bigger part of the cases provokes the development of oncology in both men and women.The virus is mainly sexually transmitted and barrier contraceptives are not able to provide 100% protection against its penetration.

The following strains are considered to be the most dangerous:

• Condylomatosis (the appearance of pointed growths) - 6, 42.
• Small flat formations formed on the walls of the vagina and cervical canal - 30, 33, 42, 43, 55, 57, 64, 67.
• The carcinoma of the cervical part of the uterus is 31, 35, 39, 54, 66. The most dangerous are HPV in type 16 and 18th.

It's important to know!Even after identifying the type of virus, you should not panic, since the most irregular strains have been able to be able to be able to sleep for a long time.Therefore, from infection to the formation of cervical cancer, decades can pass for decades.

The penetration of the virus into the body

Papillomavirus is considered extremely infected and every type is able to transmit by a particular method.

The main options for penetrating the pathogen into the body of the "victim" are the following:

1. In sexual contact with the virus carrier.The most common way of infection.The danger is both traditional and another version of relationships.Since the size of the pathogen is much smaller than the diameter of the pores of the condom, the contraceptive cannot provide 100% protection.
2. A vertical type of infection involves the transfer of the child's mother's virus during the work process.Non -agent agent is able to cause newborn laryngeal papillomatosis in a newborn, that is, the formation of mucosal and mouth growths, and more often genitals.
3. The contact house method for transmitting infection is also considered common.Some strains differ in survival, so they can maintain their activity in a humid environment.When visiting saunas, swimming pools, baths, joint use of personal hygiene elements, the risk of infection increases, especially if there are imperceptible microwaves of the skin.
4. Autooculation or self -lengthening can occur when the transfer of a live viral cell from a damaged area to healthy skin during shaving, hair removal and simply mismatch with hygiene rules can occur.

It's important to know!The causative agent of high carcinogenic risk is mainly transmitted sexually, and barrier contraceptives do not guarantee complete protection against infection.This is due not only to the small size of the virus, but also to its location on the surface of the dermis, not covered with a condom.

The causes of the progression of papillomatosis

Regardless of the degree of oncogenicity, HPV is insidious, that is, it is able to live in the human body without showing in any way.Depending on the state of the immune system, the incubation period can last from 2-3 weeks to several tens of years.Therefore, people who have no external signs do not even suspect an infectious agent in their body.

SWIFT Distribution also does not start immediately, but only under favorable conditions, namely the weakening of the protection mechanism, which arises against the background of the following factors:

• stress, fatigue;
• scarce and monotonous nutrition;
• hormonal disorders;
• Bad habits - smoking tobacco and alcohol abuse;
• frequent abortions, postpartum complications;
• Inflammatory and infectious diseases of the geniopoline system;
• IPPP, including AIDS, HIV, herpes;
• Chronic diseases in the exacerbation stage;
• The period of pregnancy.

The risk group is mainly a more righteous sex.The likelihood of infection is increased in people of a reproductive age of 20-45 years, leading an active sex life.

Symptoms in different stages

Papillomavirus infection can be pronounced or leaked in latent or subclinical form.The symptomatic manifestations of the disease are variable due to the type of HPV, its danger.The hidden course of the disease is characterized by the lack of signs.

External characters:

• papillomas;
• flat and vulgar warts;
• Acute warts.

Forms that are not visible during an external check:

• Diskisa;
• Cococtosis;
• Epithelium dysplasia.

Papillomavirus recurrences appear in the form of such pathologies:

• Diskisa with minor epithelial changes;
• In fact, dysplasia;
• cancer tumor;
• Flat cell carcinoma.

It's important to know!In the case of damage to the virus of no -infogy nature, it is possible to form warts located on the palms, soles of the legs.In the absence of cosmetic discomfort, there are no indications of removal.

In a woman, fever, chills, itching, fever, and vaginal discharge during exacerbation develops.

More about the consequences

The type and severity of HPV infection are determined by the activity of the pathogen and its type.With high oncogenic risk genotype, prolonged replication helps to increase the number of cellular structures with the genome mutation.

Against the background of bacterial vaginosis, the transformation of the cervical epithelium, as well as a number of other pathological processes occurring in the body, the risk of precancerous stage or the development of a malignant tumor increases.

The latter include the following conditions.

1. Cervical cancer.The second disease after breast cancer in women.More than 70% of all cases are caused by the activity of 16 and 18 types of HPV.
2. Vaginal and vulva cancer.In the structure of oncopathologies of the anogenital area, it occupies a leading place.Every tenth case is provoked by a low -unknown strain of 6 or 11, and one -third of all diseases is caused by virus 16 and 18.
3. Anal Cancer.It is found mainly in women, but is also registered in men homosexuals who practice the unconventional method of relationships, although doctors do not exclude any other way to transmit infection.The reason for oncopathology is the activity of HPV 18 and 16.

Of course, this is not a sentence, but in connection with these data, the need for careful gynecological and cancer diagnostics is increasing.Comprehensive study allows in the early stages to identify structural changes in cells and tissues that help to determine how to treat it properly with human papillomavirus.

Diagnostic procedures

As already mentioned, diagnostic measures play an important role in damage to HPV infection.

The modern exam is carried out with special care and includes several procedures:

1. Primary consultation involves visual checks to identify external signs (warts, papillomas).If the outgrowths are found in the urogenital area, the doctor directs the patient for further examination of the cervix or urethroscopy.
2. TAPA test or cytological examination with spreading according to the Papanicolau method.According to the results that are divided into classes, the doctor determines the risks of the infectious process.So the 1st and 2nd degree show the normal condition of the tissues, 3 -the beginning of pathological changes, 4th and 5th grades characterizes the presence of oncogenic cells.
3. Colposcopy.It is performed in the case of dysplastic changes in the tissues of the cervix.The acetic acid test is prescribed to clarify the activity of the papillomavirus.A positive result is manifested in the form of a mosaic pattern on the surface of the epithelium.
4. Histology.The study of the sample of the affected tissue is performed if it is necessary to examine the cells and pathological changes that occur in them.During the procedure, you can identify epithelial structures of a particularly large size.
5. PCR.The most common and highly informative test.Using the chain reaction of the polymerase, it is possible to perform typification, to determine the degree of oncogenicity, the maximum concentration in the blood.
6. Digene test.The modern innovative method of research allows you to clarify the existing results and to determine the likelihood of formation of cancer education.

In connection with men, the same diagnostic tactics are performed.After visual inspection, he goes to tests.It is only according to the results of the study that the specialist is able to evaluate the complexity of the clinical case and to prescribe adequate treatment.

Approaches to the treatment

Today, there are no drugs that can completely and forever destroy the viral infection in the body.If self -medication has not occurred, then the most promising is the comprehensive combined approach.HPCHS treatment involves surgical removal of papillomas or warts against the background of systemic therapy with medicines, homeopathy agents, folk method.There are several options for destroying growth.

Radio surgical.With a special knife, the formation is cut, then coagulation is produced and a dressing is applied.

Laser.A bloodless and painless way.At the point of removal, a crust is left under which the healing process takes place.The disadvantage is the appearance of scars.

Electrocoagulation.The procedure is largely similar to the two previous ones in terms of efficiency, costs and effective exposure.

Crossing.Processing of the outgrowths of any type of liquid nitrogen.After freezing, they are rejected by the skin.The price available, the lack of blood, the scars make this method the most attractive.

Surgical cut.It is extremely rare, only according to indications in case of suspicion of the likelihood of oncology.The growth is cut with the help of a scalpel.

Systemic treatment of papillomavirus allows us to boost immunity, reduce the concentration of a DNA agent in the blood and prevent the development of malignant processes.

To this end, he prescribes pills:

• immunomodulators;
• antiviral agents;
• Cytostatics.

The duration of course treatment is 10-14 days.If there is a permanent sexual partner, it is necessary to persuade him to take an exam and start therapy.You should not get rid of growth yourself.

Preventive measures

Because human papillomavirus is easily spread to people of all ages, there is no guaranteed way to prevent it from penetration.According to patient examinations, vaccination is a reliable option to prevent infection.

Modern medicine as a prevention offers special serums.The drugs are produced in the form of a suspension, in disposable syringes, which facilitates the introduction of the vaccine and minimizes the risk of infection.Girls and boys of 9-14 years, as well as young women under 26, are the subject of immunization.Serums are well tolerated by the body.

Vaccination is performed for preventive purposes and cannot act as a medicine.

In order to minimize the risk of infection, it is necessary to adhere to simple recommendations.

• Carefully monitor personal hygiene;
• Get rid of bad habits;
• strengthening immunity, sports;
• Practice only protective sex, avoid accidental relationships;
• Carefully approach the choice of a sexual partner;
• Unscrew a gynecologist screening, venereologist.

A serious attitude towards your health will help to avoid the infection, and in the case of virus penetration, to reduce the likelihood of its spread.

Conclusion

HPV is the most common option for infection that no one can protect.In order to prevent the virus from activating, it is necessary to monitor prevention measures and to reduce the risk of oncology to undergo planned exams on time and to consult with specialists.